Jonathan Jackson, PhD
Jonathan Jackson, PhD, clinical professor of psychology at Adelphi University and director of Adelphi’s Center for Psychological Services at the Derner Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies, both in Garden City, New York.
Many of us may have been told to face life’s emotional problems with a stiff upper lip, but research has shown that emotional problems can be just as disabling — and deadly — as physical illnesses.
Depression, for example, can worsen a variety of serious health ailments such as heart disease, diabetes, arthritis and asthma. As a testament to the equality of physical and emotional problems, in 2010, a US law was passed that requires health insurers to provide equal coverage for both types of treatment. This change, in essence, means that more people can afford psychotherapy. To explain the differences among types of psychotherapies and which ones might be best for you, High Energy for Life spoke to Jonathan Jackson, PhD, clinical professor of psychology at Adelphi University and director of Adelphi’s Center for Psychological Services at the Derner Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies, both in Garden City, New York.
Best types of therapy include…
Main premise: Psychological problems are tied to irrational beliefs and thoughts — for example, a depressed person thinking that everything in his/or her life is bad. When the irrational beliefs are replaced with more realistic ones, symptoms typically improve.
What it’s good for: Depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. Typical duration: Six to 20 sessions.
Main premise: Difficulties in the present are rooted in feelings and actions from your earlier life.
What it’s good for: Difficulty forming or maintaining relationships and interpersonal conflict at work or with friends or family members. Typical duration: Because patterns that are identified in psychodynamic therapy can be subtle and elusive, it may last for six months to two years or more.
Main premise: Psychological problems result from difficulties in connecting and communicating with other people.
What it’s good for: A person who lacks satisfying relationships or is adjusting to life changes (divorce or job loss, for example). Typical duration: This therapy generally adheres to a timetable, such as 12 to 16 weekly sessions, established at the onset of therapy.
Even though most psychotherapy occurs in individual sessions with the patient and a therapist, there are other settings in which the therapies described earlier may be used alone or in combination.
Among the most common…
Group therapy.A group of five to 10 people meet and give one another feedback—most often, in the presence of a therapist.
What it’s good for: A specific problem that participants share — such as anger, a phobia, panic attacks, social anxiety or grief. Typical duration: Groups that focus on problems that are shared by its members are likely to be limited to 12 to 20 sessions. Other groups, which tackle long-standing issues, such as emotional isolation or excessive dependency, can go on indefinitely. Members may stay for several months or years and then be replaced by new members. Sessions generally last 60 to 90 minutes for both types of groups.
Important: Insurance often does not cover group therapy, which typically costs 50% to 75% of the cost of individual therapy.
Family therapy. This approach is based on the belief that a person’s emotional difficulties are related to the way his entire family interacts. Usually, all available family members — the more the better — gather to clarify the roles each plays and the relationships among them.
What it’s good for: Any issue in which the resources of an entire family can be tapped to address the problems of a member, including an adult child, a grandparent or a divorced spouse. Family therapy also can help families deal with the serious illness or death of a member. Typical duration: Twelve to 20 weekly sessions. The cost of family therapy, which is covered by some insurance plans, is determined by the length of the session (typically 90 to 120 minutes each).
Couples therapy. By meeting with both partners at the same time, the therapist can hear each partner’s complaints and watch them interact. This allows the therapist to help the couple identify problematic patterns—such as repeated criticism or refusal to change — and make suggestions.
What it’s good for: Marital crises (such as infidelity) or frequent fighting, particularly when the same issues come up repeatedly. Typical duration: Weekly sessions for 20 weeks to a year.
Important: Insurance often does not cover couples therapy. Sessions typically run 60 to 90 minutes with fees set accordingly.
You are most likely to get good results from psychotherapy if you work with a competent therapist who makes you feel understood and accepted. A recommendation from a physician, trusted friend, relative or member of the clergy is often helpful.
In many states, anyone can call himself/herself a therapist, but only licensed practitioners are sure to have appropriate training and qualifications. Clinical psychologists, who hold an advanced degree, such as a doctor of philosophy (PhD) in psychology or a doctor of psychology (PsyD)… social workers who hold a master’s degree in social work (MSW) with an emphasis in clinical approaches… and psychiatrists, medical doctors who can prescribe medication — among many other practitioners — all can be licensed to practice psychotherapy. To verify that a therapist is licensed by the professional body that governs his specialty, contact your state’s health department. Most therapists specialize in a particular type of therapy or a combination of therapies.
Individual weekly sessions (that typically last 45 to 50 minutes) usually cost $75 to $200 each, depending on the part of the country where you live.
Medication should be considered when symptoms, such as depression or anxiety, are severe enough to interfere with your ability to function — particularly if therapy alone hasn’t resolved your difficulties. In some cases, medication enhances the effectiveness of psychotherapy — and vice versa. Medication can be prescribed by a psychiatrist, psychiatric nurse or primary care physician.